Happy to help to the degree that I can, but I too am a newbie to networking.
1) Paths might look something like this....
INCREMENTS="/media/backup/increments/$BACKUPTIME"
EXCLUDES="/home/USER/bin/backupexcludes.txt"
SOURCEDIR="/home/USER"
DESTDIR="/media/backups/t60stat_home"
Here the increments directory (which is on the destination machine) is created with the variable of $BACKUPTIME so we get a dated directory. Excludes (source machine) is a plain text file of patterns you want to exclude from backing up (a lot of ~/.cache etc here.). Then source is what you'll backup to destination.
2)I should have written ESSID instead of network name. Whatever network network-manager or wicd says you're connected to is the name that goes here. So if you have an unconfigured linksys router it'd be "linksys." Should be easy to change in your router settings.
3) I'd guess that a localhostname might work--though I don't really know. That said if you're going to connect over the internet (not just the local network) then you'll want to be able to forward traffic over specific ports to specified IPs. To me it's always been easier to set up static IPs (or use MAC-address IP-reservation if your router has such a feature) than to deal with things like hostnames.
4) Same answer I suppose. In my case I use the remote backup to backup to my home server when I'm away (office, campus etc.) So here I use myhome.homelinux.org which is the address of my home computer using dynamic dns (dyndns.org). This skips around having to figure out when my home IP address changes.
5) If it is wired at home, NFS is probably a good go. In that case you'll want to set up an NFS server, export the directories, mount the directories, then run an rsync to the mounted directory. I used to do this (NFS while at home, SSHFS on the road) but it wasn't that much quicker than rsync over ssh over the wireless network.
6) I only use it for non-root stuffs. Wouldn't be too hard to slip a few sudos in there. I actually do copy all my root stuff--but its in a .tar archive that my user has access to.
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